Nanoparticles in Poultry Feeding

January 23, 2021

Animal Nutrition, Blog, Poultry Production

Nanotechnology is an innovative technology in the field of animal nutrition. Nanoparticles bypass the physiological methods of the distribution and pass across the cell membranes and tissues. These have more bioavailability to the target sites. The Author Tehreem Sajjad is an undergraduate student in Veterinary and Animal Sciences.

Nanotechnology is a vast and up-growing technology and has tremendous potential which proved to be a revolution in the field of veterinary and animal sciences especially in the case of poultry sciences for nutritional applications. For a couple of years, there has been extensive research on Nano-technology. Nanoparticles have shown great potential in biomedical research which influences concerns all over the world. Nanoparticles of essential Nano mineral plays a key role in the growth potential, utilization of feedstuff and health status in the poultry birds. Biocompatibility / Bioavailability can be upgraded by expanding the surface zone of individual minerals by making their nano-particles.

The global poultry industry is expanding and going up day by day by an increase in the demands of the meat and the egg of poultry birds. As we know that, the growth of an industry is monitored by the research in growth that ultimately results in the improvement of the growth rate, feed efficiency, health of the bird, and to minimize the capability of carrying pathogens. Nano-particles have higher actual work and compound impartiality.

The use of nanoparticles in the feedstuff of the poultry birds efficiently affects the productivity of Poultry. As Nanoparticles are very minute in their size, hence they show different chemo-physical properties. These nanoparticles are usually absorbed directly in the GIT which ultimately enhances the biological activity of poultry birds. The major concern in the poultry sector is egg production. As this is small-sized, having a low price and high nutritional value. The Nano mineral particles have the potential as they have been used as a supplementation in the preference of their growth potential and their physiological functions in lower doses in comparison to the high dose and large particles. The use of nanoparticles in their feeding will improve the composition and the quality of the eggs; their bioavailability.

Many statistical observations infer the effect of nanoparticles effects on egg production. The nanoparticle named nano-selenium and sodium selenite is used in the feed of the laying hens. The analysis of this showed a result that the group which was treated by the nano-selenium, their egg productivity and feed ratio became better. This also improves the lipid profile of the eggs. Also, the group of hens that are is treated with the selenium-methionine with the increased level of selenium their mass of egg increased ominously. In addition to this if the supplements of the nano-zinc oxide by the amount of 100mg per kg of feed increase the mass of the egg and significantly minimize the thickness of the eggshell.

Another study was done to observe the effect of zinc oxide on the nutrition and feeding of poultry. The main focus is on the yield of the quality of the egg, zinc content present in the tissues, bone parameters, effect eggshell thickness, and superoxide dismutase activity in the laying hens. They enhance the growth and development and engaging the DNA synthesis for embryonic development and in the performance of the poultry birds. Zinc nanoparticles increase egg production, the quality of their shells, and their hatchability. This is also required in the poultry birds for the membrane stability and transport of Carbon dioxide from the tissue to the lungs. In this regard, the birds were categorized in the group that’s treated with the 40 and 80mg Zn/Kg with ZnO-NP. This treatment ultimately increases the feed intake of the poultry birds and also the mass of egg compared to the other groups feeding without ZnO-NP. They were characterized by the thick shell of the egg having more strength. The birds that were receiving zinc oxide as Nanoparticles also enhance the content of zinc in the plasma, bones, pancreas, and eggs. The zinc oxide supplementation improves a massive increase in the activity of the dismutase in the liver, pancreas, and plasma.

The chromium picolinate nanoparticle improves ominously P< 0.05 in the quality of the egg. They enhance the growth and development and engaging the DNA synthesis for embryonic development and in the performance of the poultry birds. Zinc nanoparticles increase egg production, the quality of their shells, and their hatchability. This is also required in the poultry birds for the membrane stability and transport of Carbon dioxide from the tissue to the lungs. Zinc oxides help in the maturation of the B and T cells and ultimately helps in the production of antibodies. Zinc is also the part of the thymosin which is needed to enhance the immunity of the birds. There are some metalloproteins more than 300, and some enzymes like carbonic anhydrase, carboxypeptidase, etc., which is mainly required for the metabolism and the absorption of the nutrients carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Some experiments were performed in this regard on the Japanese quail. This analysis is made on the use of the nano-chromium in the feed of the quail which ultimately enhances the weight of the egg, a mass of the yolk, an increase in the port, in, and the shell thickness. Hence the addition of different forms of the chromium in the feed i.e., nano chromium in the amount of 200úg per kg of feed increase the strength of the eggshell and other nutritive values. The best yolk color is observed in the group of hens that is provided 0.126% of nano-chromium carbonate in the feed of the hens.

The use of nanoparticles in the feed of poultry has an efficient effect on the composition and the quality of the meat. As the meat of the chicken is a rich source of proteins, also has quite an amount of fat, water, and glycogen. As with the quick increase in the development of the modern farming of poultry the quality of meat is also rising day by day. So, to increase the weight of the chicks nano-selenium is fed to poultry chicks which ultimately improves the weight gain and the rate of feed conversion. The weight of the breast and drumsticks were higher in the chickens to which Nano-selenium is fed. The group that is supplemented with the nano-selenium improved daily body weight gain, final body weight, the ratio of feed conversion and the rate of survival is increased by (P<0.05). Also, a statistical analysis is made to observe the other few nanoparticles’ effects on the feeding and nutrition of the poultry birds. So, it has been observed that the group of birds that is supplemented 0.2 and 0.4mg/kg. Se yeast had a significant increase of P<0.05 in the gain of body weight and enzymatic activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the case of poultry birds. Similarly, it also lowers the feed conversion ratio in comparison to those birds treated without nano-yeast.

AuNPs Gold nanoparticles are for the most part considered non-toxic to cell growth development. Gold nanoparticles have long-term effects on cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. It also improves growth, production, the level of antioxidants, and the immunity of the broiler chickens. To analyze the effect of gold nanoparticles, an experiment was performed. Few birds were provided 5, 15 ppm AuNP in the water for a week of about chicken of 35 days life. After that birds were slaughtered on the 36 days of life and some samples to check the immunity of thymus, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and liver were collected and go for histopathological examination, PCR, and DNA fragmentation Assay. The results were quite convincing that the 15ppm gold nanoparticles in the water improve blood oxidative stress damage, Nrf2 gene expression and their immunity become stronger. So it’s concluded that feeding 5ppm AuNPs improves the antioxidant capacity in poultry also improves the performance of the poultry birds.

So concluding all in all the use of nanoparticles briefly and their effects on poultry nutrition and feeding are given below:

· silver Nano-particle at the dose of 900 ppm is used in the poultry as a feed supplement to enhance their growth performance, feed intake, FCR (feed conversion ratio) and to boost up the immunity of poultry birds against different diseases.

· Gold-nanoparticles used to increase the growth potential in the case of poultry birds and also play a key role in detecting the avian influenza virus having a limit of detection 2.2pg/ml.

· Copper-loaded chitosan nanoparticles at the dose rate of 100mg/kg as the poultry supplement ultimately increases the performance of growth, immunity, synthesis of protein, and the caeca microbiota in the chicken broilers.

· Zinc-oxide nanoparticles at the dose rate of 20mg/kg also play a key role in the enhancement of growth performance and also show antioxidant capabilities.

· Some montmorillonite Nano-particle at the dosage of 3g/kg is fed to poultry birds to decrease the toxicity of a disease named aflatoxins bin poultry birds.

Apparently, mineral nanoparticles have the potential for their utilization as mineral enhancements in inclination to inorganic mineral enhancements for their better ingestion evading hostile cooperation with different minerals, development execution, and physiological capacities, particularly at lower dosages contrasted and the portions that are suggested for their bigger particles. Supplementation of mineral nanoparticles in eating regimens could be a promising choice later on. So sums up the investigations of various fundamental nanoparticles utilized as mineral enhancements for feed intake, development execution, egg productivity and quality, and blood factors in poultry.

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