The toxic effect of any poison, which depends on the amount, the chemical and physical properties of the substance, the rate of absorption and individual characteristics of the poisoned bird. Feed poisoning may be of various types. Most common is Mycotoxicosis, which refers to poisoning by fungal toxins.

Mycotoxins includes:  Aflatoxins, Trichothecenes,  Ochratoxins,  Zearalenone and Citranin.

ETIOLOGY

Various members of genus Aspergilus, A. Ochraceus, Penecillium, Veridicatum, Fusarium trichinctum

SYMPTOMS:

Ruffled feathers and subcutaneous hemorrhages.

• Anemia.
•   Liver slightly pale, enlarge and haemorrhagic.
•  Myocardium pale and haemorrhagic.
• Haemorrhages on breast and thigh muscles.
• Kidney pale and swollen.
• Loss of pigmentation.
• Deposits of urates throughout the body cavity specially in ochratoxins.
• Sore on upper and lower beak and mouth, lesions in the feed and shank.
• Thin shelled egg and drop in production.

• PREVENTION AND CONTROL:

1. Standard
   grain storage.
2. Careful
   feed manufacturing.
3. Proper
   feed storage and use at farm.
4. Mold
   inhibitors should be used.
5. Protect
   feed ingredients and finished feed from water licks and moisture.

• TREATMENT:

1. Flushing of the birds by using sugar water as sweat as man like. Then give ground corn to the birds.

2. Stop the source of poison.
3. Avoid use of contaminated ingredients in the feed specially maize.
4. Make the litter free from fungus by using 5-1 ppm penta chlorophenol.
5. Antafla-to prevent the growth of toxins at 400 gm/ton of feed.
6. Use in feed: Propionic acids, acetic acid and benzoic acids, etc. — 1200 gm/ton feed.  CuSO₄ 150 gm.

• QUANTUM OF CONTAMINATION AND ITS EFFECTS: